British ships did not dare to approach them.[17]. Both of these methods had the disadvantage of "sweeping" only a small strip. The explosive and detonating mechanism is contained in a buoyant metal or plastic shell.

The fuses on such mines may incorporate one or more of the following sensors: magnetic, passive acoustic or water pressure displacement caused by the proximity of a vessel. There were only two ways of countering the military submarine initially: ramming them or sinking them with gunfire. Also, aircraft and airships had flown with depth bombs (aerial depth charges), albeit quite small ones with poor explosives. The development of the FIDO (Mk 24 mine) anti-submarine homing torpedo in 1943 (which could be dropped from aircraft) was a significant contributor to the rising number of German sub sinkings. Soviet ports were mined, as was the Arctic convoy route to Murmansk.

Limited only by the maximum length of the mooring cable. Mines can be laid in many ways: by purpose-built minelayers, refitted ships, submarines or aircraft—and even by dropping them into a harbour by hand. When the target ship hits the steel cable, the mines on either side are drawn down the side of the ship's hull, exploding on contact.

Naval mines may be classified into three major groups; contact, remote and influence mines. Engines rip from their beds, cables from their holders, etc. During WWI and WWII, the Germans used U-boats to lay mines around the UK. The dropping of 78 mines deterred 32 Japanese ships from escaping Koror harbor; and 23 of those immobilized ships were sunk in a subsequent bombing raid. Unlike depth charges, mines are deposited and left to wait until they are triggered by the approach of, or contact with, any vessel. The submarine H. L. Hunley used one to sink USS Housatonic on 17 February 1864. A total of 48,000 aerial mines were laid by the Royal Air Force (RAF) in the European Theatre during World War II. U-Mine This was specifically developed as an anti-submarine mine and was introduced in 1915, with quantity production starting in 1916. As the Battle of the Atlantic wore on, British and Commonwealth forces in particular proved particularly adept at depth charge tactics, and formed some of the first destroyer hunter-killer groups to actively seek out and destroy German U-boats. Air-dropped mines had an additional problem for mine sweeping operations: they were not meticulously charted. [63], In September 1939, the UK announced the placement of extensive defensive minefields in waters surrounding the Home Islands. This initial development of mines in the United States took place under the purview of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which trained officers and men in their use at the Engineer School of Application at Willets Point, New York (later named Fort Totten). Mines can now be programmed to listen for highly specific acoustic signatures (e.g.

The fuzes on influence mines allow many different permutations, which complicates the clearance process.[88]. It was used on the Delaware River as a drift mine. Minehunting started during the Second World War, but it was only after the war that it became truly effective. It needs to be stated one more time that the U.S. Navy’s recent record in coping with the mine warfare challenge is not particularly encouraging. While mines threaten only those who choose to traverse waters which may be mined, the possibility of activating a mine is a powerful disincentive to shipping.

It became a crucial element in their overall mining strategy. However, the low "indiscretion rate" of modern submarines means that optical detection is now less successful. To the contrary, it is actually the undersea battle that will likely prove decisive, as the Chinese seem to fully understand. When the bombs that it employed were found to be ineffective it began equipping its destroyers with simple depth charges that could be dropped into the water around a suspected submarine's location. These ships have hulls of glass fibre or wood instead of steel to avoid magnetic signatures. Though these were encrypted, they were broken by the British at "Room 40" in the First World War and by Bletchley Park during the second.

These are torpedo-shaped towed bodies, similar in shape to a Harvey Torpedo, that are streamed from the sweeping vessel thus keeping the sweep at a determined depth and position. Port authorities may attempt to clear a mined area, but those without effective minesweeping equipment may cease using the area. This is to some degree compensated by a heavy payload, in some mines exceeding half a metric ton, but since the effect of an underwater explosion decreases with a factor of the distance cubed, an increase in payload of a depth charge from 100 to 200 kg would not result in more than a few meters in killing radius.

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