The beginning of the world, they believed, was a victory by the gods over the forces of chaos but, even though the gods had won, this did not mean chaos could not come again. Zagros, Incision (a brook cutting its way through the rocks). Unusual Signal From Mars’ Moon Phobos Detected During A Solar Eclipse, Our Universe Is A Giant Neural Network That Governs Everything Around Us – Physicist Says, Signs Of Extraterrestrial ‘Aerial’ Life Found Inside Clouds On Venus – Shocking Discovery Astronomers Say, Advanced Non-Human Civilizations Could Have Lived On Earth Millions Of Years Ago – Scientists Say. The history of the region, and the development of the civilizations which flourished there, is most easily understood by dividing it into periods: Also known as The Stone Age (c. 10,000 BCE though evidence suggests human habitation much earlier). They may have been an Indo-European-speaking people, possibly related linguistically to Tocharians (who ended up in north-west China - see link, right) or early Kurds. Also known as The Chalcolithic Period owing to the transition from stone tools and weapons to ones made of copper.

The legacy of Mesopotamia endures today through many of the most basic aspects of modern life such as the sixty-second minute and the sixty-minute hour. Rivers rising in these mountains feed into the Tigris as tributaries. Van De Mieroop writes, “Mesopotamia was the most densely urbanized region in the ancient world” (as cited in Bertman, 201), and the cities which grew up along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, as well as those founded further away, established systems of trade which resulted in great prosperity.

The conquest of the Persians by Alexander the Great in 331 BCE brought Hellenization of the culture and religion but, even though Alexander tried to again make Babylon a city of consequence, its days of glory were now in the past. The spirit of inquiry in the late 19th century was already making inroads into challenging the paradigms of accepted thought when Smith deciphered cuneiform but the discovery of Mesopotamian culture and religion encouraged this further.

Even so, the region was constantly caught up in the wars various Roman emperors waged with other nations over control of the land. The mountain range is intersected by large, fertile plains, which made the central are, Media, one of the richest parts of Iran. Especially the valley of the Karkheh river, the ancient Choaspes, is famous for its rough scenery. 27 Sep 2020. 7,000-year-old jars of wine and other agriculture-related artifacts dated to 8,000 BC confirm the beginning of agriculture in the region.

The rise of the city-state laid the foundation for economic and political stability which would eventually lead to the rise of the Akkadian Empire (2334-2218 BCE) and the rapid growth of the cities of Akkad and Mari, two of the most prosperous urban centers of the time.
Mesopotamian deserts include the Syrian Desert and the Arabian Desert. After Cyrus II (d. 530 BCE) took Babylon, the bulk of Mesopotamia became part of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, and this period saw a rapid cultural decline in the region, most notably in the loss of the knowledge of cuneiform script. The social customs, laws, and even language of Akkad, for example, cannot be assumed to correspond to those of Babylon; it does seem, however, that the rights of women, the importance of literacy, and the pantheon of the gods were indeed shared throughout the region (though the gods had different names in various regions and periods). The expansion of the Assyrian Kingdoms (Assur, Nimrud, Sharrukin, Dur, and Nineveh) and the rise of the Babylonian Dynasty (centered in Babylon and Chaldea) created an atmosphere conducive to trade and, with it, increased warfare.

Simple homes were constructed from bundles of reeds lashed together and inserted in the ground, while more complex homes were built of sun-dried clay brick (a practice followed later by the Egyptians).

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