The term parenteral is usually used for drugs given by injection or infusion. The enteral route usually refers to taking drugs by mouth. or i.v.) Another example of the parenteral route of infection and exposure is a bite from a rabid animal. Volumes delivered can range from milliliter to liter quantities. Parenteral route; Inhalation; Topical; 1. Therefore, patients need intensive monitoring. Box 3. Sometimes the choice between enteral and parenteral nutrition is difficult and at different stages in an illness a patient may need different types and amounts of artificial nutritional support. At some stages both enteral and parenteral nutrition may be needed. In general, PN should only be used when it is not possible to supply nutrition using the GI tract ie when intestinal failure is present. Parenteral administration can be performed by injection, that is, using a needle (usually a hypodermic needle) and a syringe, or by the insertion of an indwelling catheter. Injectable preparations are usually sterile solutions or suspensions of drug in water or other suitable physiologically acceptable vehicles. What have others done to combat malnutrition? In the first instance, feeding tubes are usually placed through the nostril to pass down the gullet to lie in the stomach or small bowel.

Blockage of the gut (obstruction) or the gut failing to work (ileus), Perforations of the gut where feeding will result in worsening infections, Where a large part of the gut has been removed and the patient cannot absorb enough food (short bowel syndrome), Where parts of the bowel are diseased and not able to absorb properly (functional short bowel), *BAPEN: the British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Nasogastric Tube Special Interest Group (NG SIG), British Intestinal Failure Alliance (BIFA). Enteral nutrition delivered into the gut by a tube is used where nutrition cannot be taken normally by mouth, but the gut is otherwise working. These artificial preparations can be delivered into the gut to be absorbed in the usual way, which is known as Enteral Nutrition.


Disadvantages of parenteral routes. As it can be very irritant to blood vessels, it is normally given into a large vein near the heart though a central venous line placed into the upper arm, chest or neck. It is mostly used for the neutral drugs.
a. If the problem with gut function is permanent or likely to persist for a long time some patients may be taught how to manage their own parenteral nutrition at home (Home Parenteral Nutrition). The three main parenteral routes of drug administration are IV, IM, and SC, and in all cases administration is usually via a hollow needle. Designed to identify those living in the community at risk of malnutrition. The ongoing advice of a nutrition support team is vital in this area.

Oral Route: Oral route is the most common route of drug administration. is preferred for therapy of serious infections because high therapeutic concentrations are achieved reliably and rapidly. Join for free access to all conference e-Learning modules.

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