But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! It was a wide, flat valley that, unlike Issus, would allow the Persians to take full advantage of their lopsided numbers, an estimated 250,000 Persian troops facing off against Alexander’s 50,000.

The reign of Alexander III did a great deal to extend the power of the tsar at the expense of liberties taken for granted in Western Europe. But it was Alexander’s genius as a leader and battlefield strategist that secured his victory against an imposing adversary deep in enemy territory. As Alexander and his elite Royal Companion Cavalry raced into the heart of the Persian defenses, they were momentarily surrounded by the enemy, but the experienced Macedonian sarissa regiments fought their way through.

The Macedonian Phalanx, a rectangular infantry formation, was developed by Philip II of Macedon and used by his son Alexander the Great to conquer other armies. The Persian cavalry and archers were also legendary, as were the scythe chariots which cut down enemy infantry with their razor-sharp wheel hubs. and defeated an all-star alliance of Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea. But there were also signs that the Persian Empire was already in decline. Then he ordered the entire Macedonian line to march quickly to the right. In the interim, Darius regrouped and called in reinforcements from the East, while Alexander marched his army South into Egypt. True to his strategy, Alexander’s army advanced in a line with the two flanks drawn back like a bow. He … Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich was born on 10 March 1845 at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, the second son and third child of Emperor Alexander II and his first wife Maria Alexandrovna (née Princess Marie of Hesse). Forceful, formidable, fiercely patriotic, and at 6' 4" towered over his fellow countrymen. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. The source for this HistoryWow vignette is 'Nicholas and Alexandra' by Robert K Massie; General Historical Texts. The highest positions were in the Royal Companion Cavalry, the king’s own personal squadron, and in the Royal Hypaspists, an elite 500-man infantry unit that surrounded the king in battle.

He camped the Macedonian army in the hills above the battle site to fuel up and rest while he drew up a game plan. After suffering humiliating back-to-back defeats in Greece in the 5th-century B.C., Persia stopped expanding.

in the small Kingdom of Macedonia. Alexander owed a tremendous debt to his father for leaving him a world-class army led by experienced and loyal generals. Knowing he would be outmatched in manpower, Alexander relied on speed and distraction. Philip reorganized all of Macedonian society around a professional army and raised elite fighting forces of infantry, cavalry, javelin throwers and archers. When Alexander returned to Persia from his Egyptian conquests, Darius tried to delay the inevitable clash as long as possible, eventually deciding that if there was going to be a rematch, it would be on Daruis’ terms. However, it needed a like-minded man keen to involve himself in the hard work of government to succeed Alexander III if the reforms were to have a lasting impact. After quickly dispatching a small regional army near the town of Granicus, Alexander had his first real test against Darius and his Persian Royal Army near the coastal city of Issus. Alexander III, pope from 1159 to 1181, a vigorous exponent of papal authority, which he defended against challenges by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick Barbarossa and Henry II of England. Weaponry also got an upgrade under Philip. Alexander responded with what’s known as his “pawn sacrifice” of several thousand troops destined to die as a set up for the final move. For more than two centuries, the Achaemenid Empire of Persia ruled the Mediterranean world.

A stunned Darius reportedly hopped on his horse and fled, with the rest of his army close behind. At this point, Darius ordered a full-frontal charge on the rest of the Macedonian army, but it took time for his orders to reach his left flank. With the Greek mainland subdued under Macedonian rule, Philip turned his well-oiled army East toward the Persian Empire, a far greater prize. Immediately after Alexander was made king, Thebes rose up to challenge his authority—a big mistake. After studies in theology and law, Bandinelli became professor of law at … After subduing all of the Persian Empire, his army marched east and got as far as India before turning back home to Macedon. Just as he did with his father at Chaeronea, Alexander personally led the Macedonian cavalry charge at Issus, which cut right to the heart of the Persian defenses, just as planned. But Alexander will not be outplayed. The Battle of Issus, in which Alexander the Great secured a decisive victory over Darius III of Persia.

“He’s invading Persia to punish the Persians retroactively for daring to invade Greece in the first place.”.

Aristocratic young men would start their military training at seven years old and graduate to officers at 18. But he never made it home. That conflict featured the famous Battle of Thermopylae, where 300 Spartan warriors made a heroic last stand against tens of thousands of Persian invaders.

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