The Ministry of Culture has been very active since its creation, granting subsidies to artists, promoting French culture in the world, supporting festivals and cultural events, protecting historical monuments. The Franks embraced the Christian Gallo-Roman culture and ancient Gaul was eventually renamed Francia ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks arrived in 476 and formed the Kingdom of Francia, which became the heartland of the Carolingian Empire. There are ten major ports in France, the largest of which is in Marseille,[236] which also is the largest bordering the Mediterranean Sea. The departments of France (France-in-Europe, excluding overseas territories). The Alpine, Pyrenean and Jura mountains are much younger and have less eroded forms. The kings were crowned in another important Gothic church: Notre-Dame de Reims. France has an extensive river system consisting of the four major rivers Seine, the Loire, the Garonne, the Rhône and their tributaries, whose combined catchment includes over 62% of the metropolitan territory. [134] The prime minister, currently Jean Castex, is the head of government, appointed by the president of the Republic to lead the Government of France. France has laws against racism and antisemitism,[143] while the 1990 Gayssot Act prohibits Holocaust denial. From 2006 to 2011 population growth averaged 0.6 percent per year;[268] since 2011, annual growth has been between 0.4 and 0.5 percent annually. France has 11 million square kilometres (4.2×10^6 sq mi) of marine waters within three oceans under its jurisdiction, of which 97% are overseas. ", "French: one of the world's main languages", "GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences", "France – International Religious Freedom Report 2005", "Society2; religion in France; beliefs; secularism (laicité)". The Roman de Renart, written in 1175 by Perrout de Saint Cloude, tells the story of the medieval character Reynard ('the Fox') and is another example of early French writing. [51] Philip's seat on the throne was contested by Edward III of England in 1337, on the eve of the first wave of the Black Death,[52] and England and France went to war in what would become known as the Hundred Years' War. Air France is the national carrier airline, although numerous private airline companies provide domestic and international travel services. [42] But, from the beginning of the 5th century, the Barbarian Invasions resumed. Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, 1905 law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, Programme for International Student Assessment, École des hautes études en sciences sociales, École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, it was first applied in the United States, then announced it will withdraw from the agreement, are considered integral parts of the French Republic, https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do, Special Eurobarometer 493, European Union: European Commission, September 2019, pages 229–230, "Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density", "Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – France", "Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020", "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey", "France posts new tourist record despite Yellow Vest unrest", "World Health Organization Assesses the World's Health Systems", "World Population Prospects – The 2006 Revision", The World’s Oldest Animal Paintings Are on This Cave Wall, "Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91", "Faith of the Eldest Daughter – Can France retain her Catholic heritage? The Albigensian Crusade was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical Cathars in the southwestern area of modern-day France. They were encouraged to retain their distinctive cultures and traditions and required merely to integrate. A��vv֑D��|� �I޽�᧫?�������,پ~դ˪-�&-��M��k�OV-ӼL���W�߽~�|��*I�����ׯ~���Tu�e��U���Y��f�&m��/��_��/���~ԭ�����W7��ϗ�E;�4/gW��B��>�2_�ݼ���,�u�b��߲�[6��|����_���%0�\����Ųp�tӏ���n��*�L�Z�*���D�HT7�ʐh���~| �t�����5-n獦EO�]��Y���W�Yr�W̏�yO��|Q�c+��;����Ϛ[��ף�ԿN�of(��1���_���K�[��k|˛D�u�Up����y��^��;�<=�y�=�@?���6s����ŝ������ǵ�ԙ!��,�Yw����I�Y� ���o�E��? Opération Chammal, France's military efforts to contain ISIS, killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.[97][98]. France became the most populous country in Europe and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. [208] According to the same source, Société Générale and Groupe BPCE were in 2020 the world's 17th and 19th largest banks, respectively. • The subalpine climate (Dfc) is found in all the mountainous regions of the northern half of France between 1,000 and 2,000 metres a.s.l. <>>> France attempted to regain control of French Indochina but was defeated by the Viet Minh in 1954 at the climactic Battle of Dien Bien Phu. ", La Constitution- La Constitution du 4 Octobre 1958. ls the French obsession with "cultural exception" declining? Seventh in Nation Brands IndexSM", "World Service Global Poll: Negative views of Russia on the rise", "Why France is best place to live in world", Women Leaders Index Gender Equality Case Study: France. Rail connections exist to all other neighboring countries in Europe, except Andorra. According to a BBC poll in 2010, based on 29,977 responses in 28 countries, France is globally seen as a positive influence in the world's affairs: 49% have a positive view of the country's influence, whereas 19% have a negative view. It was only in 1981 that the government allowed free broadcasting in the territory, ending state monopoly on radio. The first is delivered through colleges (collège) and leads to the national certificate (Diplôme national du brevet). It is third in income from tourism due to shorter duration of visits. [442] The government has used its diplomatic clout to support LGBT rights throughout the world, notably in the United Nations.[443]. By the end of his reign, France had emerged as the most powerful state in Europe. France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The only other countries having similar units are Spain (the Spanish Foreign Legion, called Tercio, was founded in 1920) and Luxembourg (foreigners can serve in the National Army provided they speak Luxembourgish). Nonetheless, it does recognize religious associations. [21] Modern France is still named today Francia in Italian and Spanish, while Frankreich in German, Frankrijk in Dutch and Frankrike in Swedish all mean "Land/realm of the Franks". France was the fourth country to achieve nuclear capability[247] and has the third largest nuclear weapons arsenal in the world. In 2003, the French Ministry of the Interior estimated the total number of people of Muslim background to be between 5 and 6 million (8–10%). [437], France is one of the world leaders of gender equality in the workplace: as of 2017, it has 36.8% of its corporate board seats held by women, which makes it the leader of the G20 for that metric;[439] and was ranked in 2019 by the World Bank as one of the only 6 countries in the world where women have the same work rights as men. The Enlightenment philosophy, in which reason is advocated as the primary source for legitimacy and authority, undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and helped pave the way for the French Revolution. It is a commune and the capital of the Vienne department and the historical centre of Poitou. Entry into this space for non-residents is therefore prohibited during this period, with limited exceptions. He systematically destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private violence (dueling, carrying weapons and maintaining private armies). The French perfume industry is world leader in its sector and is centered on the town of Grasse.[411]. This label is intended to protect and promote remarkable gardens and parks. Other smaller parades are organised across the country. [33] The concept of Gaul emerged during this period, corresponding to the territories of Celtic settlement ranging between the Rhine, the Atlantic Ocean, the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean. Ravel's piano compositions, such as Jeux d'eau, Miroirs, Le tombeau de Couperin and Gaspard de la nuit, demand considerable virtuosity. A business’s phone number will be upgraded to the next tier if: Its quality rating is not low, and; From the 11th century, the House of Plantagenet, the rulers of the County of Anjou, succeeded in establishing its dominion over the surrounding provinces of Maine and Touraine, then progressively built an "empire" that spanned from England to the Pyrenees and covering half of modern France. [216] France produces rum via sugar cane-based distilleries almost all of which are located in overseas territories such as Martinique, Guadeloupe and La Réunion. Stack Overflow, the most trusted platform for developers and technologists visited by more than 100 million people each month, today announced the rol [344] The second generation of impressionist-style painters, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Toulouse-Lautrec and Georges Seurat, were also at the avant-garde of artistic evolutions,[345] as well as the fauvist artists Henri Matisse, André Derain and Maurice de Vlaminck.[346][347]. Summers are chilly and wet, while winters are extremely cold, long and snowy. [425] French television was partly liberalized in the next two-decade with the creation of several commercial channels, mainly thanks to cable and satellite television. Michel de Montaigne was the other major figure of the French literature during that century. The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when Hugh Capet, Duke of France and Count of Paris, was crowned King of the Franks. [81] In the latter role, Charles de Gaulle managed to keep the country together while taking steps to end the Algerian War. In the 1960s, the elitist "Haute couture" came under criticism from France's youth culture. [186], A member of the Group of Seven (formerly Group of Eight) leading industrialized countries, as of 2020[update], it is ranked as the world's tenth largest and the EU's second largest economy by purchasing power parity. Rugby union is popular, particularly in Paris and the southwest of France. Clovis regained the southwest from the Visigoths, was baptized in 508, and made himself master of what is now western Germany. These have been mostly male foreign workers from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed. Originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or "realm of the Franks". The war cost France 300,000 casualties.[58]. At the beginning of the 20th century, Cubism was developed by Georges Braque and the Spanish painter Pablo Picasso, living in Paris. [237][238] 12,261 kilometres (7,619 mi) of waterways traverse France including the Canal du Midi, which connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean through the Garonne river.[99]. It experienced a golden age in the 17th century thanks to Louis XIV, who employed a number of talented musicians and composers in the royal court. [303] Through the expansion of public education, in which French was the sole language of instruction, as well as other factors such as increased urbanisation and the rise of mass communication, French gradually came to be adopted by virtually the entire population, a process not completed until the 20th century. The US, Germany and Switzerland were in the top tier, while Japan, South Korea, France and Singapore were among the second tier. [129] These cantons are then divided into 36,658 communes, which are municipalities with an elected municipal council. "[377][378] His Meditations on First Philosophy changed the primary object of philosophical thought and raised some of the most fundamental problems for foreigners such as Spinoza, Leibniz, Hume, Berkeley, and Kant. Napoleon Bonaparte seized control of the Republic in 1799 becoming First Consul and later Emperor of the French Empire (1804–1814; 1815). It is traditionally derived from the Proto-Germanic word *frankōn, which translates as "javelin" or "lance" (the throwing axe of the Franks was known as the francisca),[25] although these weapons may have been named because of their use by the Franks, not the other way around. Mountains affected by this climate: Aiguille du midi, Barre des Écrins, Belledonne, Grand-Casse, Mont Blanc (4,810 m), Pic du Midi de Bigorre. It also owns Minatec, Europe's leading nanotechnology research center. HBO Max cheaper, ad-supported tier to launch in June -- without Dune, Matrix 4. Conversely, religious organisations are expected to refrain from intervening in policy-making. During the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls. France is a founding and leading member of the European Union and the Eurozone,[20] and a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and La Francophonie. It also saw a long set of wars, known as the Italian Wars, between France and the House of Habsburg. [374] Important writers of the 20th century include Marcel Proust, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Albert Camus, and Jean-Paul Sartre. [124] A PNR sets goals and guidelines for managed human habitation, sustainable economic development and protection of the natural environment based on each park's unique landscape and heritage. To this end, he withdrew from NATO's military integrated command (while remaining in the NATO alliance itself), launched a nuclear development programme and made France the fourth nuclear power. [162] France vigorously opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq,[163][164] straining bilateral relations with the United States[165][166] and the United Kingdom. [231] The Eurostar, along with the Eurotunnel Shuttle, connects with the United Kingdom through the Channel Tunnel. Francis Poulenc's best known works are his piano suite Trois mouvements perpétuels (1919), the ballet Les biches (1923), the Concert champêtre (1928) for harpsichord and orchestra, the opera Dialogues des Carmélites (1957) and the Gloria (1959) for soprano, choir and orchestra. In some cases clergy and churches were attacked, with iconoclasm stripping the churches of statues and ornaments. But Lyon’s deputy goalkeeper Julian Pollersbeck made the only save in the shootout as Lyon edged it 5-4. Spanish troops, the terror of Western Europe,[57] assisted the Catholic side during the Wars of Religion in 1589–1594, and invaded northern France in 1597; after some skirmishing in the 1620s and 1630s, Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. De Maistre is considered, together with the Englishman Edmund Burke, one of the founders of European conservatism, while Comte is regarded as the founder of positivism, which Émile Durkheim reformulated as a basis for social research. [29] Over the ensuing millennia, humans were confronted by a harsh and variable climate, marked by several glacial periods. [133] It greatly strengthened the authority of the executive in relation to Parliament. Quatrièmement, quelques mots des pays tiers. Many French artists have been among the most renowned of their time; France is still recognised in the world for its rich cultural tradition. [448] Moreover, each region of France has iconic traditional specialties: Cassoulet in the Southwest, Choucroute in Alsace, Quiche in the Lorraine region, Beef bourguignon in the Bourgogne, provençal Tapenade, etc. Senators are chosen by an electoral college for 6-year terms (originally 9-year terms); one half of the seats are submitted to election every 3 years.[137]. France has 37 sites inscribed in UNESCO's World Heritage List and features cities of high cultural interest, beaches and seaside resorts, ski resorts, as well as rural regions that many enjoy for their beauty and tranquillity (green tourism). France uses a civil legal system, wherein law arises primarily from written statutes;[99] judges are not to make law, but merely to interpret it (though the amount of judicial interpretation in certain areas makes it equivalent to case law in a common law system). His son, Pepin the Short, seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the Carolingian dynasty. France is home to large numbers of small reptiles and amphibians, in particular lizards. France is an outlier among developed countries in general, and European countries in particular, in having a relatively high rate of natural population growth: by birth rates alone, it was responsible for almost all natural population growth in the European Union in 2006. In 1974, after years of centralised monopoly on radio and television, the governmental agency ORTF was split into several national institutions, but the three already-existing TV channels and four national radio stations[424][425] remained under state-control. It hosts the world's fifth-largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is the leading tourist destination, receiving over 89 million foreign visitors in 2018. City affected by this climate: Barcelonnette. Paris' Convention government between October and December 1793 with brutal measures managed to subdue most internal uprisings, at the cost of tens of thousands of lives. Disputes with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire soon followed during the Renaissance. Through the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (27 August 1789) France established fundamental rights for men. Summers are hot and wet, while winters are cold and gloomy. [208], France is a member of the Eurozone (around 330 million consumers) which is part of the European Single Market (more than 500 million consumers). The preface of his play Cromwell is considered to be the manifesto of the Romantic movement. The Stade de France in Saint-Denis is France's largest stadium and was the venue for the 1998 FIFA World Cup and 2007 Rugby World Cup finals. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in Crimea, in Mexico and Italy which resulted in the annexation of the Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice, then part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. [312], To this day, the government is prohibited from recognizing any specific right to a religious community (except for legacy statutes like those of military chaplains and the local law in Alsace-Moselle). In the early 1990s, the country drew considerable criticism from other nations for its underground nuclear tests in French Polynesia. The war was concluded with the Évian Accords in 1962 that led to Algerian independence. French composers played an important role during the music of the 19th and early 20th century, which is considered to be the Romantic music era. In September 1791, the National Constituent Assembly forced King Louis XVI to accept the French Constitution of 1791, thus turning the French absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy. France in February 1794 abolished slavery in its American colonies, but would reintroduce it later. The French Revolution brought great changes, as Napoleon favoured artists of neoclassic style such as Jacques-Louis David and the highly influential Académie des Beaux-Arts defined the style known as Academism. [415] However, the widest circulations are reached by regional daily Ouest France with more than 750,000 copies sold, and the 50 other regional papers have also high sales. • The humid subtropical climate (Cfa) is found in the Garonne and Rhône's inland plains. However, as a result of Nicolas Sarkozy's pro-American politics (much criticised in France by the leftists and by a part of the right), France re-joined the NATO joint military command on 4 April 2009.[159][160][161]. France remains a leader in filmmaking, as of 2015[update] producing more films than any other European country. Public law includes, in particular, administrative law and constitutional law. It is the third largest manufacturing country in Europe behind Germany and Italy. [69] After his brief return from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo, the monarchy was re-established (1815–1830), with new constitutional limitations. These tanks consist of somewhat thick armor and excellent guns, which may cause problems for many enemy tanks that are engaging … However, in July 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the French government issued 10-years bonds which had negative interest rates, for the first time in its history. Les Contemplations and La Légende des siècles are considered as "poetic masterpieces",[372] Hugo's verse having been compared to that of Shakespeare, Dante and Homer. Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France. The LNB Pro B, commonly known as Pro B, is the 2nd-tier level men's professional basketball league in France.It is the second division of the Ligue Nationale de Basket (LNB), which has organized the league since the year 1987.The top two placed teams from each Pro B season are promoted to the top-tier level LNB Pro A.The two last placed teams are relegated to the third … In 2008, the INSEE (National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies) estimated that the total number of foreign-born immigrants was around 5 million (8% of the population), while their French-born descendants numbered 6.5 million, or 11% of the population. 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