This is a list of most common English Paragraphs for students of secondary and higher secondary schools. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offences which were committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April and May 1994, commencing on 6 April and coinciding with the end of the Rwandan Civil War. [75] During the nine-month-long conflict an estimated 300,000 to 3 million people were killed and the Pakistani armed forces raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bangladeshi women and girls in an act of genocidal rape. Its name is derived from a Shona language term which reads "the early rain which washes away the chaff before the spring rains" when it is loosely translated into English. Peter H. Schuck, Rainer Münz, Paths to Inclusion: The Integration of Migrants in the United States and Germany, Berghahn Books, 1997, p. 156, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFrank2008 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRubinstein2004 (, The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan by Yasmin Khan. In early 1983, the North Korean-trained Fifth Brigade, an infantry brigade of the Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA), launched a crackdown against dissidents in Matabeleland North Province, a homeland of the Ndebele. On 21 May 2007, at the request of the applicant the case was discontinued. Bennett Jones, Owen (2003). [249] The Higher Regional Court (Oberlandesgericht) of Düsseldorf, in September 1997, handed down a genocide conviction against Nikola Jorgic, a Bosnian Serb from the Doboj region who was the leader of a paramilitary group located in the Doboj region. Get the latest health news, diet & fitness information, medical research, health care trends and health issues that affect you and your family on ABCNews.com [425] Much of the worst atrocities committed are blamed on a group known as "Dot Ke Beny" (Rescue the President) or "Mathiang Anyoor" (Brown caterpillar), while the SPLA claim that it is just another battalion. Many conflicts that have been labeled genocide in the popular press have not been so designated. [306], Some scholars estimated that the Russian government's brutal attacks against such a small ethnic group amounted to a crime of genocide. A Quiet Return to the Killing Fields of Indonesia, "Report claims secret genocide in Indonesia", "Indonesian Human Rights Abuses in West Papua: Application of the Law of Genocide to the History of Indonesian Control", "The Profile of Human Rights Violations in Timor-Leste, 1974–1999: A Report by the Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group to the Commission on Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor-Leste", "War, Genocide, and Resistance in East Timor, 1975–99: Comparative Reflections on Cambodia", https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/675312/murad-marcos-regime-rsquo-s-genocidal-war-vs-muslims-drove-us-to-armed-struggle/story/, https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/fact-check/false-no-massacres-during-martial-law, "Fighting and talking: A Mindanao conflict timeline", "Statistics Of Pakistan's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources", "Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh – rapists act with impunity", "Fundamental Principles of State Policy: Secularism and freedom of religion (Substituted for the former article 12 by the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 2011 (Act XIV of 2011), section 11)", The Hmong: An Introduction to their History and Culture, "Report on the 20th session of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations (Second day – Afternoon)", "Court sentences Major Melaku Tefera to death", "No Zimbabwe extradition of Mengistu after Ethiopia genocide conviction", "Ex-Ethiopian dictator guilty of genocide", Guilty of genocide: the leader who unleashed a 'Red Terror' on Africa, "Dutch court says gassing of Iraqi Kurds was 'genocide, "Dutch man sentenced for role in gassing death of Kurds", The Mesopotamian Marshlands: Demise of an Ecosystem, "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV Human Rights: 1. Nine remain at large. The CPPCG was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 9 December 1948 and came into effect on 12 January 1951 (Resolution 260 (III)). From the Pages of Drum. "[304], Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Chechnya declared its independence from the Russian Federation. 50 years ago today, American diplomats endorsed mass killings in Indonesia. [412][413] The Myanmar leader and State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi was again criticized for her silence on the issue and her support of the military's actions. International offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide. The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? [227][228], The Gukurahundi was a series of massacres of Ndebele civilians which were carried out by the Zimbabwe National Army from early 1983 to late 1987. The killing was perpetrated by units of the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) which were under the command of General Ratko Mladić. [273] As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor found "reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes", but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide. [125] Biharis were massacred in Jessore, Panchabibi and Khulna (where, in March 1972, 300 to 1,000 Biharis were killed and their bodies were thrown into a nearby river). IN February 2021, the Jammu and Kashmir High Court asked the local government to explain within a month the measures taken by it to identify and deport illegal immigrants from Myanmar and Bangladesh staying in Jammu. [480][481], The ongoing racial[482][483] conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a genocide by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. These atrocities have been perpetrated with the intent to destroy the Tamil people, and therefore constitute genocide. [149] During his reign it was not uncommon to see students, suspected government critics or rebel sympathisers hanging from lampposts. Arie Marcelo Kacowicz, Pawel Lutomski, Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study, Lexington Books, 2007, p. 100. In 2013, Spain's top criminal court decided to hear a case which was brought before it by Tibetan rights activists who alleged that Chinese Communist Party's former general secretary Hu Jintao had committed genocide in Tibet. The Secretary-General of the United Nations described the mass murder as the worst crime on European soil since the Second World War. Jones, Adam (2010). [260] His appeal was rejected on 3 February 2012, and he continued serving a sentence of life imprisonment. [262][263] On 16 November 2018, he was sentenced to a life in prison for genocide. [13][14][15][16] Felix Ermacora, among a minority of legal scholars, equated ethnic cleansing with genocide,[17][18] and stated that the expulsion of the Germans therefore constituted genocide.[19]. The Hazaras killed our force here, and now we have to kill Hazaras. [429] About 240 Nuer men were killed at a police station in Juba's Gudele neighborhood. Whether the Rohingya’s “life or freedom would be threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion”, therefore, inevitably requires an assessment of the present state of affairs in Myanmar. [222], The Helmet Massacre of the Tikuna people which occurred in 1988 was initially labeled a homicide. [224] Birth rates have continued to plummet in Xinjiang, falling nearly 24% in 2019 alone when compared to just 4.2% nationwide. [citation needed] In late May 2014, 150 Kurdish boys from Kobani aged 14–16 were abducted and subjected to torture and abuse, according to Human Rights Watch. [327][328] The International Commission of Jurists stated that the camps used to intern nearly 300,000 Tamils after the war's end may have breached the convention against genocide. We focus on the people, the common citizen, stories untold by traditonal media. [57], In Cambodia between 1975 and 1979, a genocide was committed by the Khmer Rouge (KR) regime in which an estimated 1.5 to 3 million people died. In paragraph 12, the Supreme Court does the Pontius Pilate act, claiming that “regarding the contention raised on behalf of the petitioners about the present state of affairs in Myanmar, we have to state that we cannot comment upon something happening in another country.” That the principle of non-refoulement requires the Court to assess whether returning to Myanmar would be safe is wholly ignored, therefore rendering void the very concept itself. Jean Kambanda, interim Prime Minister during the genocide, pleaded guilty. "Mechanics of Mass Murder: A Case for Understanding the Indonesian Killings as Genocide". He stated that Australia's program in which 20–25,000 Aboriginal children were forcibly separated from their natural families[33] was genocide, because it was intended to cause the Aboriginal people to die out. Yet the Supreme Court’s turn to acknowledge an obligation to read ‘natural justice’ into the Constitution of India provides illusory comfort. [345] Numerous world leaders expressed condolences and condemnation. I'm not sure that they qualify as genocide either. [391][392], Myanmar's government has been accused of crimes against the Muslim Rohingya minority that are alleged to amount to genocide. [332], On 21 April 2019, Easter Sunday, three churches in Sri Lanka and three luxury hotels in the commercial capital, Colombo, were targeted in a series of coordinated Islamic terrorist suicide bombings. [44] On 30 May 1967, when the Igbos declared their independence from Nigeria and formed the breakaway state of Biafra, the Nigerian and British governments[45] launched a total blockade of Biafra. From 2011 to 2016, Chen Quanguo was the Chinese Communist Party secretary of the area controlled as the Tibetan Autonomous Region. The intent and effects of the government policy were also disputed. Routledge. [241], In February 2007 the International Court of Justice (ICJ) returned a judgement in the Bosnian Genocide Case. The court has no other conclusion than that these attacks were committed with the intent to destroy the Kurdish population of Iraq." [175], Jones argued that the struggle sessions which were held after the crushing of the 1959 Tibetan uprising may be considered genocide, based on the claim that the conflict resulted in 92,000 deaths. [147], In September 2006, Miguel Osvaldo Etchecolatz, who had been the police commissioner of the province of Buenos Aires during the Dirty War (1976–1983), was found guilty of six counts of murder, six counts of unlawful imprisonment and seven counts of torture in a federal court. A study of the total population inflows and outflows in the districts of the Punjab, using the data provided by the 1931 and 1951 Census has led to an estimate of 1.26 million missing Muslims who left western India but did not reach Pakistan. Ieng Sary, a former foreign minister, was indicted on charges of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and several other crimes under Cambodian law on 15 September 2010. In paragraph 14, the Court states that “two serious allegations have been made” by the Union of India (UOI). (International Humanitarian Law). [402][403][404][405][406][407][408] British prime minister Theresa May and United States Secretary of State Rex Tillerson called it "ethnic cleansing" while the French President Emmanuel Macron described the situation as "genocide". The report, which labeled these events as a campaign of extermination, linked the violence to beliefs about special powers held by the Bambuti. A Dinka lobbying group known as the "Jieng Council of Elders" was often accused of being behind hardline SPLM policies. There were also reports of Hazara women being abducted and kept as sex slaves. [307][308] The German-based NGO Society for Threatened Peoples accused the Russian authorities of genocide in its 2005 report on Chechnya. [86] During his presidency, his country was nicknamed "the Auschwitz of Africa". For approximately 100 days from the assassination of President Juvénal Habyarimana on 6 April through mid-July, at least 800,000 people were killed, according to a Human Rights Watch estimate. [489], Post–World War II Central and Eastern Europe, Boko Haram and Fulani Herdsman (1999 – present), Bangladesh Liberation War Genocide of 1971, Massacres of Hazaras and other groups by the Taliban. Dengue Fever Paragraph. [272] Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. Bengali mobs were often armed, sometimes with machetes and bamboo staffs. [469] The Higher Regional Court (Oberlandesgericht) of Düsseldorf, in September 1997, handed down a genocide conviction against Nikola Jorgic, a Bosnian Serb from the Doboj region who was the leader of a paramilitary group located in the Doboj region. [447] In the Syrian towns of Ghraneij, Abu Haman and Kashkiyeh 700 members of the Sunni Al-Shaitat tribe were killed for attempting an uprising against ISIL control. (...)[W]herever you [Hazaras] go we will catch you. [61] Since then, at least 20,000 mass graves, known as the Killing Fields, have been uncovered. Thirteen men were convicted of genocide in 2001. In the pogrom, Igbo property was destroyed and up to 300,000 Igbos fled the North and sought safety in the East and about 30,000 Igbos were killed. "[473] However, some scholars argued that the Khmer Rouge were not racist and had no intention of exterminating ethnic minorities or the Cambodian people; in this view, their brutality was the product of an extreme version of communist ideology. [24] Around 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border, mostly through the Punjab. Enduring hard physical labor and difficult living conditions, many Hmong people died. Determining what historical events constitute a genocide and which are merely criminal or inhuman behavior is not a clear-cut matter. "[331], The Sri Lankan government denied the allegations of genocide and war crimes. Novislav Djajic was indicted for his participation in the genocide, but the Higher Regional Court failed to find that there was sufficient certainty for a criminal conviction for genocide. French historians estimate that somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 Harkis and members of their families were killed by the FLN or by lynch mobs in Algeria, often in atrocious circumstances or after torture. [258][259], Kang Kek Iew was formally charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity and detained by the Tribunal on 31 July 2007. Till now the only way to keep ourselves safe from Coronavirus is to avoid crowd places, close activities from infected people, and to follow a neat and clean lifestyle. [309], The Sri Lankan military was accused of committing human rights violations during Sri Lanka's 26-year civil war. Here the Court is deliberately closing its eyes, with no valid reason provided for not considering the facts pleaded. ICJ Report (1960) page 346: "The committee found that acts of genocide had been committed in Tibet in an attempt to destroy the Tibetans as a religious group, and that such acts are acts of genocide independently of any conventional obligation. In November 2006 twenty-nine people were arrested and others were implicated, such as a former police commander and the governor of Mato Grosso state. [111][112][113] An academic report alleged that "contemporary evidence set out [in this report] suggests that the Indonesian government has committed proscribed acts with the intent to destroy the West Papuans as such, in violation of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide and the customary international law prohibition this Convention embodies. An estimated 150,000 university students, intellectuals, and politicians were killed during Mengistu's rule. Also Read: India must support restoration of Democracy in Myanmar as China has massive stake in army coup. A detailed statistical report which was prepared for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor cited a lower range of 102,800 conflict-related deaths in the period from 1974 to 1999, namely, approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 excess deaths which were caused by hunger and illness, including deaths which were caused by the Indonesian military's use of "starvation as a weapon to exterminate the East Timorese",[114] most of which occurred during the Indonesian occupation. [430][431] During the fighting in 2016–17 in the Upper Nile region between the SPLA and the SPLA-IO allied Upper Nile faction of Uliny, Shilluk in Wau Shilluk were forced from their homes and Yasmin Sooka, chairwoman of the Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan, claimed that the government was engaging in "social engineering" after it transported 2,000 mostly Dinka people to the abandoned areas. [245] In 2016 and 2017, Radovan Karadžić[246] and Ratko Mladić were sentenced for genocide. The process of adjudication, in fact, casts a duty on the court to consider all the relevant circumstances. It upheld the ICTY's findings that genocide had been committed in and around Srebrenica but did not find that genocide had been committed on the wider territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the war. [83], In 2004, Yad Vashem called on the international community to investigate "political genocide" in North Korea. [122][123] Mukti Bahini has been accused of crimes against minority Biharis by the Government of Pakistan. [32][circular reference] During the Noakhali riots, more than 5,000 were massacred in eight days and there were reports of numerous forced conversions, arson, abduction and rape by the Bangladeshi local Muslim population. Siddiqi, Abdul Rahman (2005). Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World (1st ed.).

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