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[104] In a 1999 interview Henry Kissinger described being flown by Hussein, saying that "...he was a daring pilot, and he would be zooming along at treetop level, and my wife, in order to be politely insistent would say, 'You know I didn't know helicopters could fly so low.' Israeli leaks of the meeting led to rumors in the Arab World that Hussein had tipped off Meir about Arab intentions. Hussein began his schooling in Amman, continuing his education abroad. Iraq is a very stable country, unlike Jordan. [57] Although most members of the commission were regime loyalists, it included a number of opposition figures and dissidents. [26] He was later pardoned and released after Hussein received a plea from the cook's daughter. [10] In his brief reign, Talal had introduced a modern, somewhat liberal constitution in 1952 that is still in use today. [21], The Lebanese, pro-Western government of Camille Chamoun was also threatened to be toppled by growing UAR-supported domestic opposition groups. Disagreements between the monarchy and the leftist government culminated in March 1957 when Nabulsi provided Hussein with a list of senior officers in the military he wanted to dismiss; Hussein initially heeded the recommendations. [52] A year and a half later, a renewed effort by Hussein to jumpstart the peace process culminated in the establishment of a Jordan–PLO accord that sought a peaceful resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, an unprecedented milestone for the PLO and a Jordanian diplomatic victory. [23] Golda Meir, an Israeli politician who would later become prime minister, was reported in 1958 as saying: "We all pray three times a day for King Hussein's safety and success. [68] The CIA handed the King a detailed report in December 1995 warning him of a Syrian plot to assassinate him and his brother Hassan. [62] Both Kuwait and Saudi Arabia viewed Hussein with suspicion – they distrusted him and believed he was planning to obtain a share of Kuwait's wealth. I really did not know how much more Hussein could take. [52] Hussein and Arafat both agreed to the plan on 1 April, but the PLO's executive office rejected it. Lisa Najeeb Halaby 1978-99 (his death), -Two sons: Prince Hamzah bin Hussein (1980), Prince Hashim bin Hussein (1981), -Two daughters: Princess Iman bint Hussein (1983), Princess Raiyah bint Hussein (1986). As a member of the Hashemite dynasty, the royal family of Jordan since 1921, Hussein was a 40th-generation direct descendant of Muhammad.[1]. 1. [6], Abdullah's eldest son, Talal, was proclaimed King of Jordan. The King died at the age of 63 from cancer on 7 February 1999 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Abdullah II. In 1970 Hussein expelled Palestinian fighters (fedayeen) from Jordan after they had threatened the country's security in what became known as Black September. [54] Jordanian policy on the West Bank had to be reconsidered following renewed fears that Israel would revive its proposal for Jordan to become an "alternative Palestinian homeland. [27] The young politician who worked to bring sweeping reforms resigned after Hussein sought to solidify his position following the rise of the Nasser-supporting Ba'ath party to the governments of Iraq and Syria in two 1963 coups. [26] Egyptian radios denounced Hussein as the "Judas of the Arabs. [26] He prepared three brigades in the north, but the operation was called off after combined pressures from the Americans and the British. [70] Furious, Hussein met with an Israeli delegate who attempted to explain the situation; the King said in a speech about the incident that he felt that somebody "had spat in his face. [84] Khaled Mashal was also in the same room as the Mossad leaders who had tried to assassinate him just two years earlier. If there is any purpose in life it will be to make sure that all the children no longer suffer the way our generation did. [75] King Hussein had changed his line of succession a total of four times: "From his brother Muhammad, to his infant son Abdullah, to his second brother Hassan, and again to his then-grown-up son Abdullah. [10] The local unrest, periodically fueled by propaganda transmitted from Egyptian radios, was only calmed after the King appointed a new prime minister who promised not to enter the Baghdad Pact. She is the daughter of King Hussein of Jordan and the half sister of King Abdullah II of Jordan.Sheikh Mo and Princess Haya have a daughter named Al-Jalila, who was born on Dec. 2, 2007, and a son named Zayed, who was born on Jan. 7, 2012. [7], His maternal grandmother, Widjan Hanim, was the daughter of Shakir Pasha who was the Ottoman governor of Cyprus. [52] In return, Saddam provided incentives for Jordanian exports to Iraq, which accounted for a quarter of all Jordan's exports, valued at $212.3 million in 1989. "[67] Subsequent negotiations culminated in the Israel–Jordan peace treaty, signed on 26 October in a ceremony in Wadi Araba. [36] The loss of Jerusalem was critical to Jordan, and specifically for Hussein who held the Hashemite custodianship of Muslim and Christian holy sites in Jerusalem. [15], On 13 April, rioting broke in the Zarqa army barracks and the 21-year-old Hussein went to end the violence between royalist and Arab nationalist army units after the latter group spread rumors that the King had been assassinated. [70] The King lambasted Netanyahu, with the letter's opening sentence stating: "My distress is genuine and deep over the accumulating tragic actions which you have initiated at the head of the Government of Israel, making peace – the worthiest objective of my life – appear more and more like a distant elusive mirage. [57] The Jordanian dinar lost a third of its value in 1988, and Jordan's foreign debt reached a figure double that of its gross national product (GNP). [10] Abu Al-Huda lasted only a year, and the government underwent reshuffling three times within the following year. [33] President Nasser of Egypt denounced Hussein as an "imperialist lackey. [6] Abdullah died, but Hussein survived the assassination attempt and, according to witnesses, pursued the assassin. Husband of British mother killed in front of her baby in burglary 'will come face-to-face with her alleged... 'Jews cannot move freely in Germany': Merkel condemns anti-Semitic abuse and attacks on synagogues during... Four men are bailed after arrest on race charges over video showing anti-Semitic abuse being yelled from... FALSE claims by paedophile hunters drove me to Beachy Head: Innocent man tells how he lost his job, friends,... Hopes of Covid breakthrough as Australian scientists develop antiviral injection to kill 99.9% of the virus... Fred West detectives hunting for body of Mary Bastholm find six mystery holes 'over a foot deep' below floor... Nationwide launches 5 per cent deposit mortgages with best buy rates - as well as a tracker option. [2] A Palestinian assassin opened fire on Abdullah and his grandson, amid rumors that the King had been planning to sign a peace treaty with the newly established state of Israel. [23] Hussein, worried about a similar coup in Jordan, tightened martial law. [21] Jordanian and Syrian forces clashed in March along the border. [84] Four American presidents were present: Bill Clinton, George H.W. [2], King Abdullah I, the founder of modern Jordan, did not see in his two sons Talal and Nayef potential for kingship, therefore he focused his efforts on the upbringing of his grandson Hussein. King Hussein I of Jordan with his second wife, British-born Princess Muna al-Hussein, and their twin daughters, Princess Aisha and Princess Zein, at London's Heathrow Airport. [14] Hussein subsequently asked Suleiman Nabulsi, leader of the Party, to form a government, the only democratically elected government in Jordan's history. [65] Meanwhile, Yitzhak Rabin, under the leftist Labor Party, emerged as prime minister of Israel. "[26] But critics considered the slogan mere lip service, saying Hussein showed little interest in the economic situation of the country, unlike the military and foreign relations aspects. [24] News of the arrest of the conspiring officers in Jordan coincided with Hussein's visit to the US. [63], King Hussein during his address to the Jordanian Parliament in Amman on 12 October 1991 [64], Jordan participated in the imposition of economic sanctions against Iraq even though the sanctions would severely affect its economy. [26] The expedition was cancelled amid British opposition and the weakened state of the Royal Jordanian Air Force. At home, 1998 was a difficult year for Jordanians: GDP growth had slowed considerably and could not keep pace with an accelerating population growth. [84] Bill Clinton said about the funeral: "I don't think I have ever seen a greater outpouring of the world's appreciation and the world's love for a human being than I've seen today. Welcome back! [88] After the war he emerged as an advocate for Palestinian statehood. [50] When Saddam became president of Iraq in 1979, Hussein supported Saddam's Iran–Iraq War that stretched from 1980 to 1988. One had to do something; one had to explore what was possible and what was not. Princess Dina Abdul-Hamid of Jordan, first wife of King Hussein of Jordan who later married a Palestinian fighter – obituary. Riot police were stationed along the nine-mile-long route to try to hold back the crowds who scrambled for a glimpse of the coffin. Twenty minutes later, another explosion went off;[26] it was intended for Hussein as it was expected he would run to the scene, which he did – he was a few minutes late. [54] What began as an uprising to achieve Palestinian independence against the Israeli occupation turned into an upsurge of support for the PLO, which had orchestrated the uprising, and consequently diminished Jordanian influence in the West Bank. [57] Hussein relented to the demands by dismissing Al-Rifai, and appointed Zaid ibn Shaker to form a new government. [54] In a meeting in November 1988 the PLO accepted all United Nations resolutions and agreed to recognize Israel. [88] Initially, Hussein attempted to unite both banks of the Jordan River as one people, but with the formation of the PLO in the 1960s, it became difficult to maintain such a policy. [15] Nabulsi's government was forced to resign on 10 April. [10] Talal appointed his son Hussein as crown prince on 9 September 1951. [53], On 9 December 1987 an Israeli truck driver ran over four Palestinians in a Gaza refugee camp, sparking unrest that spread to violent demonstrations in the West Bank. [26] One involved replacing his nose drops with strong acid. [57], A UN-brokered ceasefire became active in July 1988, ending the Iran-Iraq war. [57] Parliamentary elections were held on 8 November 1989, the first in 22 years. [68] Hussein's popularity in Israel had peaked after the peace treaty was signed, and he was expected to express support for a candidate. "[77] On his way back to Jordan in January 1999, Hussein stopped in London. [88] He was able to gain his country considerable political weight on a global scale despite its limited potential. Getty Images offers exclusive rights-ready and premium royalty-free analog, HD, and 4K video of the highest quality. Instead, it is an outline of the four marriages of Jordan's legendary King Hussein II, whose role as a moderator in the still ongoing conflicts in the Middle East made him a legend during his lifetime. 1 year ago. [52] The relationship between Hussein and Saddam became very close – Hussein visited Baghdad 61 times between 1980 and 1990,[52] and Saddam used Hussein to relay messages to several countries, including the US and Britain. [39] PLO actions in Jordan culminated in the Dawson's Field hijackings incident on 10 September 1970, in which the fedayeen hijacked three civilian aircraft and forced their landing in Zarqa, taking foreign nationals as hostages, and later bombing the planes in front of the international press. [91] Whereas in 1950 water, sanitation, and electricity were available to only 10% of Jordanians, at the end of his rule these had reached 99% of the population. [54] It called for Jordan rather than the PLO to represent the Palestinians; however, when Schulz contacted Hussein about the plan, he reversed his position and told him it was a matter for the PLO to decide. [92] Renamed in 2002 to the King Hussein Cancer Center in honor of the late King, the center is a leading medical facility in the region, treating around 4,000 patients each year. [67] Due to the close relationship forged with Rabin during the negotiations of the treaty, Hussein was invited to give a speech during Rabin's funeral in Jerusalem. [30] The incident drew fierce local criticism of Hussein amid feelings he had been betrayed by the Israelis; Hussein also suspected that Israel had changed its attitude towards Jordan and was intending to escalate matters in order to capture the West Bank. [18] In either case, Abu Nuwar and other senior Arabist officers resigned and were allowed to leave Jordan for Syria, where they incited opposition to the Jordanian monarchy. [10], A three-man regency council made up of the prime minister and heads of the Senate and the House of Representatives was appointed until he became 18 (by the Muslim calendar). [70] The two agents were then held by the Jordanian police, while the six other agents hid in the Israeli embassy. Prince Hamzah is the elder son of the late King Hussein of Jordan and his American-born wife Queen Noor. [70] Several dissidents were imprisoned including Laith Shubeilat, a prominent Islamist. "[88], Hussein's policy of co-opting the opposition was his most revered. [85] The King's funeral was held in the Raghadan Palace. [35] The Jordanians had prepared a war strategy, but the Egyptian commander insisted to build his strategy based on the misleading information from Egypt. [16] A 3,000-man Syrian force started moving south towards the Jordanian border in support of what they perceived as a coup attempt, but turned around after the army units showed their loyalty to the King. [50] In 1978 Hussein went to Baghdad for the first time since 1958; there, he met Iraqi politician Saddam Hussein. [32] Perception of King Hussein's efforts to come to peaceful terms with Israel led to great dissatisfaction among some Arab leaders. Hussein led his country through four turbulent decades of the Arab–Israeli conflict and the Cold War, successfully balancing pressures from Arab nationalists, Islamists, the Soviet Union, Western countries, and Israel, transforming Jordan by the end of his 46-year reign to a stable modern state. Central Press/Getty [88] He was relentless in pursuit of peace, viewing that the only way to solve the conflict was by peaceful means, excluding his decision to join the war in 1967. [30] Israeli writer Avi Shlaim argues that Israel's disproportionate retaliation exacted revenge on the wrong party, as Israeli leaders knew from their coordination with Hussein that he was doing everything he could to prevent such attacks. [10] The Saudis massed troops near Aqaba on Jordan's southern borders in January 1956, and only withdrew after the British threatened to intervene on Jordan's behalf. [68] A month later, the CIA sent Hussein another report warning Jordan of Iraqi plots to attack Western targets in Jordan to undermine Jordan's security due to its support for the Iraqi opposition. [63] Jordan, along with the international community, refused to recognize the Iraqi-installed regime in Kuwait. [62] The Iraqi-Jordanian relationship developed into the Arab Cooperation Council (ACC), which also included Egypt and Yemen, on 16 February 1989, serving as a counter to the Gulf Cooperation Council. [10] The country held parliamentary elections in October 1954, while the country's parties were not yet fully organized. Rapid Covid-19 tests are fast, free and effective! [76] Encouraged by his presence, the two leaders agreed to resolve their difficulties. [35] Jordanian Hawker Hunters made sorties but were destroyed by Israel when they went to refuel; Syria's and Iraq's air forces followed. Hussein bin Talal reigned as King of Jordan from 11 August 1952 until his death. King Hussein I bin Talal I held the following ranks: "King Hussein" redirects here. He’s previously played host to a group … By the time the king died in 1999, he had had four wives, 11 biological children and one adopted child. [49], In the 1974 Arab League summit held in Morocco on 26 October, a Fatah plot to assassinate Hussein upon his arrival was uncovered by the Moroccan authorities. [37] Hussein restarted talks with Israeli representatives throughout 1968 and 1969, but the talks went nowhere – Shlaim claims the Israelis stalled and that Hussein refused to cede any West Bank territory. King Hussein married four times and had eleven children: Hussein was an enthusiastic ham radio operator and an Honorary Member of The Radio Society of Harrow and a life member of the American Radio Relay League. [2] He proceeded to Harrow School in England, where he befriended his second cousin Faisal II of Iraq, who was also studying there. [63] Hussein's position in the international community was severely affected, so severe that he privately discussed his intention to abdicate. The accession of King Hussein's son, Abdullah II, may be secure, but a question mark still hangs over the hierarchy of the women in the ruling Hashemite dynasty of Jordan. This money was used by the King to establish an intelligence service but was nevertheless criticized for being handled away from the government's supervision.[94]. King Hussein loved flying—so it’s not surprising that he found love in the air. [65] The peace conference convened on 30 October 1991, with delegations representing all parties to the conflict, the United States and the Soviet Union as co-sponsors, and the United Nations as observer. [65] But when Hussein replaced his conservative prime minister, Mudar Badran, with liberal Palestinian Taher Al-Masri, who was in favor of peace negotiations with Israel, the Muslim Brotherhood – Jordan's main opposition group, who at that time occupied 22 out of 80 seats in the House of Representatives, and whose members and support came mostly from Palestinians in the country – vehemently rejected the new prime minister by voting against him during the vote of confidence. Hussein was born in Amman as the eldest child of Talal bin Abdullah and Zein Al-Sharaf. [88] The decision cost him half his kingdom and his grandfather's legacy. [10], The teenaged king inherited the throne not only of Jordan, but also of the West Bank, captured by Jordan during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and annexed in 1950. [39], On 17 September the Jordanian army surrounded cities that had a PLO presence, including Amman and Irbid, and began shelling the fedayeen, who had established themselves in Palestinian refugee camps. [36] Al-Aqsa mosque is the third holiest site in Islam, believed to be where Muhammad ascended to heaven. [88], He was also seen as too lenient toward some ministers who were alleged to be corrupt. King Hussein of Jordan with his daughter Princess Aisha at Sandhurst military academy in 1987. She was 28 years old. "[52], Jordan started a crackdown on the PLO by closing their offices in Amman after the Israeli minister of defense, Yitzhak Rabin, requested it from Hussein in a secret meeting. [80] On 24 January 1999, Hussein replaced Hassan with his son Abdullah as heir apparent. [90] The moves impeded Jordan's path towards democracy that had started in 1956 and resumed in 1989. [58] On 18 April riots in Ma'an spread to other southern towns such as Al-Karak and Tafila, where the New York Times reported that around 4,000 people gathered in the streets and clashed with the police,[58] resulting in six protesters killed and 42 injured, and two policemen killed and 47 injured. [62], On 6 August American troops arrived at the Kuwait-Saudi Arabian border, Saddam's conditions were ignored, and Hussein's role as mediator was undermined. [23] On 14 July, an Iraqi unit stormed the royal palace in Iraq, executed all members of the Iraqi royal family, and mutilated the bodies of the crown prince and the Iraqi Prime Minister of the Arab Federation, Nuri Al-Said. [47] The relationship between Jordan and the United States deteriorated when Jordan refused to join the Camp David Accords. said the King, 'They can fly lower!' [9] On 20 July 1951 15-year-old Prince Hussein traveled to Jerusalem to perform Friday prayers at the Al-Aqsa Mosque with his grandfather. [70] Hussein's wife, Queen Noor, later claimed her husband was having trouble sleeping: "Everything he had worked for all his life, every relationship he had painstakingly built on trust and respect, every dream of peace and prosperity he had had for Jordan's children, was turning into a nightmare. [67] Jordan's relations with the United States greatly improved: $700 million worth of Jordan's debt was forgiven by the United States Congress, and Bill Clinton's administration authorized a substantial flow of aid to Jordan. Her first husband, King Hussein married three more times (Princess Muna Al-Hussein – the mother of the current King of Jordan, Queen Alia and Queen Noor) and had 11 children and a life full of events and assassination attempts. Nightline: Hussein of Jordan, ABC Evening News for Friday, 5 February 1999, 10542/AB XXIV. "[90], During his 46-year-reign, Hussein, who was seen as a charismatic, courageous, and humble leader, became widely known among Jordanians as the "builder king. [66], Hussein could not participate in the details of the talks, a task he handed to his brother Hassan. [79], Upon his arrival in Jordan, after a six-month medical absence from the country, he announced he was "completely cured. [63] Hussein's brother, Crown Prince Hassan, also disagreed with Hussein, but the King refused to recognize Saddam's wrongdoings. [65] He called on extremists on both the right and left of the political spectrum to end their opposition to the peace negotiations, denounced what he saw as the Gulf countries' undemocratic nature, and called on Saddam to introduce democracy to Iraq. [36] Nasser and Hussein, recognizing their defeat, sought to work together towards a more moderate stance. King Hussein married three more times, his last to American Lisa Halaby, who became Queen Noor. [10] Hussein was proclaimed king on 11 August 1952, succeeding to the throne three months before his 17th birthday. [70] On 9 March 1997 Hussein sent Netanyahu a three-page letter expressing his disappointment. [67] On 25 July 1994 Rabin and Hussein appeared at the White House and signed the Washington declaration, which announced the "end of the state of belligerency. [63] The United States, seeing Jordan's neutrality as siding with Saddam, cut its aid to Jordan – aid on which Jordan depended; Gulf countries soon followed. [82] On Tuesday 2 February, the king received a bone marrow transplant, which failed. [88] From an early age he had to shoulder a heavy responsibility. The two met while Noor was working for Alia Airlines and became friendly during Hussein’s period of … Sharifa Dina bint Abdul-Hamid 1955-57 -One daughter: Princess Alia bint Hussein (1956) 2. He also contributed greatly to preventing war in the region" — Cypriot President, "King Hussein was irreplaceable, someone who would have a very distinguished place in history, How can one pay tribute that is adequate? At an earlier hearing, Haya, the 45-year-old daughter of the late King Hussein of Jordan … [62] To Hussein's dismay, Egyptian president Husni Mubarak refused to reverse his position and called for Iraq's unconditional withdrawal from Kuwait. [91] UNICEF statistics show that between 1981 and 1991, Jordan had achieved the world's fastest annual rate of decline in infant mortality – from 70 deaths per 1,000 births in 1981 to 37 per 1,000 in 1991, a drop of over 47%. [70], In May 1998 Hussein, a heavy smoker, was admitted to the Mayo Clinic, but doctors were unable to diagnose his ailment. [35] Two Israeli jets attempted to assassinate Hussein; one was shot down by anti-aircraft artillery, and the other shot directly at Hussein's office in the royal palace. 8 February 1999", "DEATH OF A KING: THE AMERICANS; Clinton Lauds King Hussein As Man of Vision and Spirit", "Expansion of KHCC to put centre on regional map – director", "Blair joins leaders for Hussein funeral", https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdullah-II, "International sports community pays tribute to FEI Honorary President HRH Princess Haya", "HRH Princess Haya Biog - The Official Website of HRH Princess Haya Bint Al Hussein", "The Radio Society of Harrow - Dedication to JY1", "Crown Prince announces launch of first Jordanian mini satellite", "Defendant May Be Son of Hussein, Lawyer Says : Accused of Murdering Actress Mother in '86", https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf, "Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun ritarikunnan suurristin ketjuineen ulkomaalaiset saajat", "Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana", http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1965.pdf, "El rey Hussein de Jordania, premio Príncipe de Asturias de la Concordia", https://web.archive.org/web/20061016075344/http://www.reaganfoundation.org/programs/cpa/awards.asp}}, "Key Street in Astana Named After Late King Hussein", "Deputy Mayor of Amman welcomes a Chechen delegation to discuss strengthening of relations between Amman and Grozny", International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, American Foundation for AIDS Research (AMFAR), Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, Spanish Organization for the Blind (ONCE), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hussein_of_Jordan&oldid=1023791727, Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, Royal Air Force officers holding honorary commissions, Collars of the Order of Abdulaziz al Saud, Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic, Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John, Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, Extraordinary Grades of the Order of Merit (Lebanon), Recipients of the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria, Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from August 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TePapa identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Hussein bin Talal bin Abdullah bin Hussein, "He won the respect and admiration of the entire world and so did his beloved Jordan. [54] The Jordanian Ministry of Occupied Territories Affairs was abolished on 1 July 1988, its responsibilities taken over by the Palestinian Affairs Department. Sheikh Mo's best-known junior wife is Princess Haya, whom he married on April 10, 2004. [36], On 22 November 1967 the United Nations Security Council unanimously approved resolution 242, which became one of Jordan's foreign policy cornerstones. [23], Hussein went on a vacation to Switzerland on 10 November. She is British by birth, and changed her name to Muna Al-Hussein upon marriage. "[51] Sharon boasted: "One speech by me will make King Hussein realize that the time has come to pack his bags. [54] Israeli politicians were stunned, thinking it was a political manoeuvre so that the Palestinians could show support for Hussein, but later realized that it represented a shift in Jordan's policy after Hussein asked his West Bank supporters not to issue petitions demanding that he relent. 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